11.3. Decorator Wrapper

  • Wrapper function

  • Wrapper lambda

  • Wrapper class

  • Wrapper method

11.3.1. Name

  • Name wrapper is just a convention

>>> def mydecorator(obj):
...     def wrapper():
...         ...
...     return wrapper

>>> def mydecorator(obj):
...     def wrap():
...         ...
...     return wrap

Underscore _ is a normal identifier name which can be used as a wrapper name. Note, that this is a bit less readable than previous examples:

>>> def mydecorator(obj):
...     def _():
...         ...
...     return _

11.3.2. Wrapper Function

  • obj is a decorated object

  • Doesn't matter, whether is a function, class or method

>>> def mydecorator(obj):
...     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
...         ...
...     return wrapper

11.3.3. Wrapper Lambda

  • obj is a decorated object

  • Doesn't matter, whether is a function, class or method

>>> def mydecorator(obj):
...     return lambda *args, **kwargs: obj(*args, **kwargs)

11.3.4. Wrapper Class

  • If obj and Wrapper are classes, Wrapper can inherit from obj (to extend it)

>>> def mydecorator(obj):
...     class Wrapper:
...         def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
...             ...
...     return Wrapper

>>> def mydecorator(obj):
...     class Wrapper(obj):
...         def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
...             ...
...     return Wrapper

11.3.5. Wrapper Arguments

  • If you know names of the arguments you can use it in wrapper

  • args arbitrary number of positional arguments

  • kwargs arbitrary number of keyword arguments

>>> def mydecorator(obj):
...     def wrapper(a, b):
...         return func(a, b)
...     return wrapper

Positional Arguments:

>>> def mydecorator(obj):
...     def wrapper(*args):
...         return func(*args)
...     return wrapper

Keyword Arguments:

>>> def mydecorator(obj):
...     def wrapper(**kwargs):
...         return func(**kwargs)
...     return wrapper

Positional and Keyword Arguments:

>>> def mydecorator(obj):
...     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
...         return func(*args, **kwargs)
...     return wrapper