4.2. Decorator Wrapper

• func is a reference to function which is being decorated

• Name wrapper is just a convention

• Wrapper can be: function, method, lambda or class

• If you know names of the arguments you can use it in wrapper

• Use *args, **kwargs if you don't know the number of arguments

4.2.1. Names

• func is a reference to function which is being decorated

• Name wrapper is just a convention

>>> def mydecorator(func):
...     def wrapper():
...         ...
...     return wrapper

>>> def mydecorator(func):
...     def wrap():
...         ...
...     return wrap

Underscore _ is a normal identifier name which can be used as a wrapper name. Note, that this is a bit less readable than previous examples:

>>> def mydecorator(func):
...     def _():
...         ...
...     return _

4.2.2. Arguments

• If you know names of the arguments you can use it in wrapper

• args arbitrary number of positional arguments

• kwargs arbitrary number of keyword arguments

>>> def mydecorator(func):
...     def wrapper(a, b):
...         return func(a, b)
...     return wrapper

Positional Arguments:

>>> def mydecorator(func):
...     def wrapper(*args):
...         return func(*args)
...     return wrapper

Keyword Arguments:

>>> def mydecorator(func):
...     def wrapper(**kwargs):
...         return func(**kwargs)
...     return wrapper

Positional and Keyword Arguments:

>>> def mydecorator(func):
...     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
...         return func(*args, **kwargs)
...     return wrapper

4.2.3. Types

Function:

>>> def mydecorator(func):
...     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
...         return func(*args, **kwargs)
...     return wrapper

Lambda:

>>> def mydecorator(func):
...     return lambda *args, **kwargs: func(*args, **kwargs)

Class:

>>> def mydecorator(func):
...     class Wrapper:
...         def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
...             ...
...     return Wrapper

Method:

>>> class MyDecorator:
...     def __init__(self, obj):
...         ...
...
...     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):  # wrapper
...         ...