10.7. Functional First-Class¶

Function can be assigned to variable
Function can be stored in data structures such as hash tables, lists, ...
Function can be returned
Function can be user as a parameter

In Python, functions are considered first-class citizens, which means that they can be treated like any other object in the language. This concept is also known as first-class functions.

Here are some of the properties of first-class functions in Python:

1. A function can be assigned to a variable: You can assign a function to a variable, just like you would with any other object.

2. A function can be passed as an argument to another function: You can pass a function as an argument to another function.

3. A function can be returned as a value from another function: A function can return another function as its value.

4. A function can be stored in a data structure: You can store functions in lists, dictionaries, or other data structures.

Here's an example of using a function as a first-class citizen in Python:

>>> def add(a, b):
...     return a + b
>>>
>>> def multiply(a, b):
...     return a * b
>>>
>>> def apply(func, a, b):
...     return func(a, b)
>>>
>>> apply(add, 2, 3)
5
>>>
>>> apply(multiply, 2, 3)
6

In this example, the apply() function takes a function as its first argument, and two numbers as the second and third arguments. It then calls the function with the two numbers and returns the result. The add() and multiply() functions are passed as arguments to the apply() function, and the results are stored in result1 and result2.

10.7.1. Assigning Functions¶

Function can be assigned to variable

>>> def addition(a, b):
...     return a + b
>>>
>>>
>>> add = addition
>>>
>>> add(1,2)
3
>>>
>>> add(3,4)
7

10.7.2. Storing Functions¶

Function can be stored in data structures such as hash tables, lists, ...

>>> def square(x):
...     return x ** 2
>>>
>>> def cube(x):
...     return x ** 3
>>>
>>>
>>> operations = (cube, square)

>>> def square(x):
...     return x ** 2
>>>
>>> def cube(x):
...     return x ** 3
>>>
>>>
>>> operations = {
...     'cube': cube,
...     'square': square,
...     'root': lambda x: x ** (1/2)
... }

>>> def increment(x):
...     return x + 1
>>>
>>> def decrement(x):
...     return x - 1
>>>
>>> def square(x):
...     return x ** 2
>>>
>>> def cube(x):
...     return x ** 3
>>>
>>>
>>> data = [1,2,3,4]
>>> operations = [increment, square, decrement, cube]
>>>
>>> for operation in operations:
...     data = list(map(operation, data))
>>>
>>> data
[27, 512, 3375, 13824]

10.7.3. Returning Functions¶

Function can be returned

>>> def get_greeting(lang='English'):
...
...     def english(firstname, lastname):
...         print(f'Hello {firstname} {lastname}')
...
...     def polish(firstname, lastname):
...         print(f'Witaj {firstname} {lastname}')
...
...     match lang:
...         case 'English': return english
...         case 'Polish':  return polish
...         case _:         raise NotImplementedError
>>>
>>>
>>> greeting = get_greeting('English')
>>> greeting('Mark', 'Watney')
Hello Mark Watney
>>>
>>> greeting = get_greeting('Polish')
>>> greeting('Mark', 'Watney')
Witaj Mark Watney
>>>
>>> greeting = get_greeting('Spanish')
Traceback (most recent call last):
NotImplementedError

10.7.4. Parameter Functions¶

Function can be user as a parameter

>>> from urllib.request import urlopen
>>>
>>>
>>> def fetch(url: str,
...           on_success = lambda response: ...,
...           on_error = lambda error: ...,
...           ) -> None:
...     try:
...         result = urlopen(url).read().decode('utf-8')
...     except Exception as error:
...         on_error(error)
...     else:
...         on_success(result)

>>> fetch(
...     url = 'https://python3.info',
...     on_success = lambda resp: print(resp),
...     on_error = lambda err: print(err),
... )  

>>> def ok(response: str):
...     print(response)
>>>
>>> def err(error: Exception):
...     print(error)
>>>
>>>
>>> fetch(url='https://python3.info')  
>>> fetch(url='https://python3.info', on_success=ok)  
>>> fetch(url='https://python3.info', on_error=err)  
>>> fetch(url='https://python3.info', on_success=ok, on_error=err)  
>>> fetch(url='https://python3.info/not-existing', on_error=err)  

10.7.5. Use Case - 0x01¶

>>> def map(func, data):
...     ...

>>> def filter(func, data):
...     ...

>>> def reduce(func, data):
...     ...

10.7.6. Use Case - 0x02¶

>>> 
... import pandas as pd
...
...
... DATA = 'https://python3.info/_static/phones-pl.csv'
...
... result = (
...     pd
...     .read_csv(DATA, parse_dates=['datetime'])
...     .set_index('datetime', drop=True)
...     .drop(columns=['id'])
...     .loc['2000-01-01':'2000-03-01']
...     .query('item == "sms"')
...     .groupby(['period','item'])
...     .agg(
...         duration_count = ('duration', 'count'),
...         duration_sum = ('duration', 'sum'),
...         duration_median = ('duration', 'median'),
...         duration_mean = ('duration', 'mean'),
...         duration_std = ('duration', 'std'),
...         duration_var = ('duration', 'var'),
...         value = ('duration', lambda column: column.mean().astype(int))
...     )
... )