6.13. S.O.L.I.D.¶
6.13.1. Recap¶
OOP Principles:
Encapsulation
Abstraction
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Problems:
Rigidity - mixing higher level with low level implementation
Fragility - if you change something, some other thing will break
Coupling - interdependencies a.k.a "spaghetti code"
No Reusability - cannot reuse code, and need to implement from scratch
Patterns:
K.I.S.S. - Keep It Simple Stupid
Y.A.G.N.I. - You Ain't Gonna Need It
D.R.Y. - Do not Repeat Yourself
6.13.2. Rationale¶
SRP: The Single Responsibility Principle
OCP: The Open / Closed Principle
LSP: The Liskov Substitution Principle
ISP: The Interface Segregation Principle
DIP: The Dependency Inversion Principle
Figure 6.1. S.O.L.I.D. Principles¶
6.13.3. Single Responsibility Principle¶
A class should have one, and only one, reason to change.
—Robert C. Martin
Every module or class should have responsibility over a single part of the functionality provided by the software, and that responsibility should be entirely encapsulated by the class. All its services should be narrowly aligned with that responsibility.
Figure 6.2. S.O.L.I.D. - Single Responsibility Principle¶
Bad:
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class Hero:
HEALTH_MIN: int = 10
HEALTH_MAX: int = 20
_health: int = 0
_position_x: int = 0
_position_y: int = 0
def __post_init__(self) -> None:
self._health = randint(self.HEALTH_MIN, self.HEALTH_MAX)
def is_alive(self) -> bool:
return self._health > 0
def is_dead(self) -> bool:
return self._health <= 0
def position_set(self, x: int, y: int) -> None:
self._position_x = x
self._position_y = y
def position_change(self, right=0, left=0, down=0, up=0):
x = self._position_x + right - left
y = self._position_y + down - up
self.position_set(x, y)
def position_get(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
return self._position_x, self._position_y
Good:
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class HasHealth:
HEALTH_MIN: int = 10
HEALTH_MAX: int = 20
_health: int = 0
def __post_init__(self) -> None:
self._health = randint(self.HEALTH_MIN, self.HEALTH_MAX)
def is_alive(self) -> bool:
return self._health > 0
def is_dead(self) -> bool:
return self._health <= 0
@dataclass
class HasPosition:
_position_x: int = 0
_position_y: int = 0
def position_set(self, x: int, y: int) -> None:
self._position_x = x
self._position_y = y
def position_change(self, right=0, left=0, down=0, up=0):
x = self._position_x + right - left
y = self._position_y + down - up
self.position_set(x, y)
def position_get(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
return self._position_x, self._position_y
class Hero(HasHealth, HasPosition):
pass
6.13.4. Open/Closed Principle¶
Modules [classes] should be open for extension, but closed for modification.
—Bertrand Mayer
Figure 6.3. S.O.L.I.D. - Open/Closed Principle¶
class PDF:
pass
class Docx:
pass
class Document:
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
filename, extension = args[0].split('.')
if extension == 'pdf':
return PDF()
elif extension == 'docx':
return Docx()
file1 = Document('myfile.pdf')
file2 = Document('myfile.docx')
print(file1)
# <__main__.PDF object at 0x...>
print(file2)
# <__main__.Docx object at 0x...>
class Setosa:
pass
class Versicolor:
pass
class Virginica:
pass
def factory(species):
try:
classname = species.capitalize()
return globals()[classname]
except KeyError:
raise NotImplementedError
iris = factory('setosa')
print(iris)
# <class '__main__.Setosa'>
from random import randint
class Critter:
HEALTH_MIN: int = 0
HEALTH_MAX: int = 10
def __init__(self) -> None:
self._health = randint(self.HEALTH_MIN, self.HEALTH_MAX)
class Skeleton(Critter):
HEALTH_MIN: int = 10
HEALTH_MAX: int = 20
class Troll(Hero):
HEALTH_MIN: int = 100
HEALTH_MAX: int = 200
class Dragon(Critter):
HEALTH_MIN: int = 1000
HEALTH_MAX: int = 2000
from random import randint
class Critter:
HEALTH_MIN: int
HEALTH_MAX: int
def __init__(self):
self._health = self._get_initial_health()
def _get_initial_health(self):
return randint(self.HEALTH_MIN, self.HEALTH_MAX)
class Regular(Critter):
pass
class Elite(Critter):
def _get_initial_health(self):
hp = super()._get_initial_health()
return hp * 2
class Boss(Critter):
def _get_initial_health(self):
hp = super()._get_initial_health()
return hp * 10
6.13.5. Liskov Substitution Principle¶
Derived classes must be usable through the base class interface, without the need for the user to know the difference.
—Barbara Liskov
Objects in a program should be replaceable with instances of their subtypes without altering the correctness of that program
Figure 6.4. S.O.L.I.D. - Liskov Substitution Principle¶
class mystr(str):
pass
a = str('Mark Watney')
a.upper()
# MARK WATNEY
b = mystr('Mark Watney')
b.upper()
# MARK WATNEY
6.13.6. Interface Segregation Principle¶
many specific interfaces are better than one general-purpose interface
The interface-segregation principle (ISP) states that no client should be forced to depend on methods it does not use. ISP splits interfaces that are very large into smaller and more specific ones so that clients will only have to know about the methods that are of interest to them. Such shrunken interfaces are also called role interfaces. ISP is intended to keep a system decoupled and thus easier to refactor, change, and redeploy. ISP is one of the five SOLID principles of object-oriented design, similar to the High Cohesion Principle of GRASP.
Figure 6.5. S.O.L.I.D. Principles - Interface Segregation Principle¶
Bad:
class Mixin:
def json_loads(self):
raise NotImplementedError
def json_dumps(self):
raise NotImplementedError
def pickle_loads(self):
raise NotImplementedError
def pickle_dumps(self):
raise NotImplementedError
def csv_loads(self):
raise NotImplementedError
def csv_dumps(self):
raise NotImplementedError
class User(Mixin):
def __init__(self, firstname, lastname):
self.firstname = firstname
self.lastname = lastname
Good:
class JSONMixin:
def json_loads(self):
raise NotImplementedError
def json_dumps(self):
raise NotImplementedError
class PickleMixin:
def pickle_loads(self):
raise NotImplementedError
def pickle_dumps(self):
raise NotImplementedError
class CSVMixin:
def csv_loads(self):
raise NotImplementedError
def csv_dumps(self):
raise NotImplementedError
class User(JSONMixin, PickleMixin, CSVMixin):
def __init__(self, firstname, lastname):
self.firstname = firstname
self.lastname = lastname
6.13.7. Dependency Inversion Principle¶
Clients should not be forced to depend on methods that they do not use. Program to an interface, not an implementation.
—Robert C. Martin
https://medium.com/swlh/isp-the-interface-segregation-principle-a3416f3ac8f5
one should depend upon abstractions, not concretions
decoupling software modules
Figure 6.6. S.O.L.I.D. - Dependency Inversion Principle¶
Figure 6.7. Class Dependencies should depend upon abstractions, not concretions¶
When following this principle, the conventional dependency relationships established from high-level, policy-setting modules to low-level, dependency modules are reversed, thus rendering high-level modules independent of the low-level module implementation details. The principle states:
High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules. Both should depend on abstractions.
Abstractions should not depend on details. Details should depend on abstractions.
By dictating that both high-level and low-level objects must depend on the same abstraction this design principle inverts the way some people may think about object-oriented programming.
Bad:
watney = 'Astronaut'
if watney == 'Astronaut':
print('Hello')
elif watney == 'Cosmonaut':
print('Привет!')
elif watney == 'Taikonaut':
print('你好')
else:
print('Default Value')
Good:
class Astronaut:
def say_hello():
print('Hello')
class Cosmonaut:
def say_hello():
print('Привет!')
class Taikonaut:
def say_hello():
print('你好')
watney = Astronaut()
watney.say_hello()
class CacheInterface:
def get(self, key: str) -> str:
raise NotImplementedError
def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
raise NotImplementedError
def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool:
raise NotImplementedError
class CacheDatabase(CacheInterface):
def is_valid(self, key: str) -> bool:
...
def get(self, key: str) -> str:
...
def set(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
...
db: CacheInterface = CacheDatabase()
db.set('name', 'Jan Twardowski')
db.is_valid('name')
db.get('name')