7.3. Conditional Statement

7.3.1. Positive and Negative Values

Negative values:

• empty bool() or False

• empty int() or 0

• empty float() or 0.0

• empty complex() or 0+0j or 0.0+0.0j

• empty str() or ''

• empty tuple() or ()

• empty list() or []

• empty set()

• empty frozenset()

• empty dict() or {}

• None

Positive values:

• any other

7.3.2. Conditional Statement

if generic syntax:

if <condition>:
    <do something>

Single line statements:

>>> if True:
...     print('First line of the true statement')
First line of the true statement

Multiline blocks:

>>> if True:
...     print('First line of the true statement')
...     print('Second line of the true statement')
...     print('Third line of the true statement')
First line of the true statement
Second line of the true statement
Third line of the true statement

Multiline blocks:

>>> if True:
...     print('First line of the true statement')
...     print('Second line of the true statement')
...
...     if True:
...         print('First line of inner true statement')
First line of the true statement
Second line of the true statement
First line of inner true statement

Checking for simple value:

>>> age = 7
>>>
>>> if age == 7:
...     print('Go to school')
Go to school

Checking for simple value:

>>> country = 'USA'
>>>
>>> if country == 'USA':
...     job = 'astronaut'
>>>
>>> print(job)
astronaut

Checking for simple value:

>>> number = 4
>>>
>>> if number % 2 == 0:
...     print('Even')
Even

Checking if value is in range:

>>> age = 7
>>>
>>> if 0 <= age < 18:
...     print('Age is between [0, 18)')
Age is between [0, 18)

Checking if value is in range:

>>> a = 10
>>> b = 100
>>>
>>> if 0 <= a <= 50 < b:
...     print('Yes')
Yes

Checking if has value:

>>> name = input('What is your name?: ')  # User input: Mark Watney
>>>
>>> if name:
...     print(f'My name is... {name}')
My name is... Mark Watney

Checking if has value:

>>> name = input('What is your name?: ')  # User input: '' (nothing)
>>>
>>> if name:
...     print(f'My name... {name}')

7.3.3. Unconditional Alternative

• Optional

• Executed when condition is not met

else generic syntax:

if <condition>:
    <do something>
else:
    <do something>

Single line statements:

>>> if True:
...     print('True statement')
... else:
...     print('Else statement')
True statement

Multiline blocks:

>>> if True:
...     print('True statement, first line')
...     print('True statement, second line')
... else:
...     print('Else statement, first line')
...     print('Else statement, second line')
True statement, first line
True statement, second line

Nested multiline blocks:

>>> if True:
...     print('Outer block, true statement, first line')
...     print('Outer block, true statement, second line')
...
...     if True:
...         print('Inner block, true statement, first line')
...         print('Inner block, true statement, second line')
...     else:
...         print('Inner block, else statement, fist line')
...         print('Inner block, else statement, second line')
...
... else:
...     print('Outer block, else statement, first line')
...     print('Outer block, else statement, second line')
Outer block, true statement, first line
Outer block, true statement, second line
Inner block, true statement, first line
Inner block, true statement, second line

>>> number = 3
>>>
>>> if number % 2 == 0:
...     print('Even')
... else:
...     print('Odd')
Odd

Checking if variable is certain value:

>>> country = 'Russia'
>>>
>>> if country == 'USA':
...     job = 'astronaut'
... else:
...     job = 'cosmonaut'
>>>
>>> print(job)
cosmonaut

Checking if variable is certain value:

>>> name = input('What is your name?: ')  # User input: '' (nothing)
>>>
>>> if name:
...     print(f'My name is... {name}')
... else:
...     print('Did you forget to type your name?')
Did you forget to type your name?

>>> data = [True, False, True]
>>>
>>> if any(data):
...     print('Yes')
... else:
...     print('No')
Yes

>>> data = [True, False, True]
>>>
>>> if all(data):
...     print('Yes')
... else:
...     print('No')
No

7.3.4. Conditional Alternative

• Used to check for additional condition if first is not met

• In other languages is known as else if

elif generic syntax:

if <condition>:
    <do something>
elif <condition>:
    <do something>
else:
    <do something>

>>> language = input('What is your language?: ')  # User input 'Polish'
>>>
>>> if language == 'English':
...     print('Hello')
... elif language == 'Russian':
...     print('Здравствуйте')
... elif language == 'German':
...     print('Guten Tag')
... elif language == 'Polish':
...     print('Witaj')
... else:
...     print("I don't speak this language")
Witaj

7.3.5. Shorthand Expressions

>>> number = 3
>>> is_even = (number % 2 == 0 )
>>>
>>> print(is_even)
False

>>> number = 3
>>> is_digit = (number in range(0,10))
>>>
>>> print(is_digit)
True

7.3.6. Conditional Expression

>>> number = 3
>>>
>>> if number in range(0,10):
...     is_digit = True
... else:
...     is_digit = False
>>>
>>> print(is_digit)
True

>>> number = 3
>>> is_digit = True if number in range(0,10) else False
>>>
>>> print(is_digit)
True

>>> ip = '127.0.0.1'
>>> protocol = 'IPv4' if '.' in ip else 'IPv6'
>>>
>>> print(protocol)
IPv4

Normal if:

>>> country = 'Russia'
>>>
>>> if country == 'USA':
...     job = 'astronaut'
... else:
...     job = 'cosmonaut'
>>>
>>> print(job)
cosmonaut

Inline if:

>>> country = 'Russia'
>>> job = 'astronaut' if country == 'USA' else 'cosmonaut'
>>>
>>> print(job)
cosmonaut

Type Str Methods is Numeric:

>>> def input(__prompt):
...     """Stub user input, for testing purpose only"""
...     return '10'
>>>
>>> age = input('What is your age?: ')
>>> age = float(age) if age.isnumeric() else None
>>> print(age)
10.0

7.3.7. Switch

• No switch statement in Python!

• switch in Object Oriented Programming is considered a bad practise

• PEP 275 -- Switching on Multiple Values [Rejected]

>>> def input(__prompt):
...     """Stub user input, for testing purpose only"""
...     return 'French'
>>>
>>>
>>> switch = {
...     'English': 'Hello',
...     'Russian': 'Здравствуйте',
...     'German': 'Guten Tag',
...     'Polish': 'Witaj',
...     'default': "I don't speak this language"}
>>>
>>> language = input('What is your language?: ')
>>>
>>> switch.get(language, switch['default'])
"I don't speak this language"

>>> def switch(language):
...     data = {
...         'English': 'Hello',
...         'Russian': 'Здравствуйте',
...         'German': 'Guten Tag',
...         'Polish': 'Witaj',
...         'default': "I don't speak this language"}
...     return data.get(language, data['default'])
>>>
>>> switch('Russian')
'Здравствуйте'
>>>
>>> switch('French')
"I don't speak this language"

7.3.8. Pattern Matching

• Since Python 3.10: PEP 636 -- Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial

  >>> 
  ... def http_error(status):
  ...     match status:
  ...         case 400:
  ...             return 'Bad request'
  ...         case 401 | 403 | 405:
  ...             return 'Not allowed'
  ...         case 404:
  ...             return 'Not found'
  ...         case 418:
  ...             return "I'm a teapot"
  ...         case _:
  ...             return 'Unexpected status'
  

  >>> request = 'GET /index.html HTTP/2.0'
  >>>
  >>> 
  ... def http_handle(request):
  ...     match request.split():
  ...         case ['GET', uri, version]:
  ...             server.get(uri)
  ...         case ['POST', uri, version]:
  ...             server.post(uri)
  ...         case ['PUT', uri, version]:
  ...             server.put(uri)
  ...         case ['DELETE', uri, version]:
  ...             server.delete(uri)
  

  >>> 
  ... def hero.do(action):
  ...     match action:
  ...         case ['move', ('up'|'down'|'left'|'right') as direction, value]:
  ...             hero.move(direction, value)
  ...         case ['make_damage', value]:
  ...             hero.make_damage(value)
  ...         case ['take_damage', value]:
  ...             hero.take_damage(value)
  

  >>> from enum import Enum
  >>>
  >>>
  >>> class Key(Enum):
  ...     ESC = 27
  ...     ARROW_LEFT = 37
  ...     ARROW_UP = 38
  ...     ARROW_RIGHT = 39
  ...     ARROW_DOWN = 40
  >>>
  >>> 
  ... match keyboard.on_key_press():
  ...     case Key.ESC:
  ...         game.quit()
  ...     case Key.ARROW_LEFT:
  ...         game.move_left()
  ...     case Key.ARROW_UP:
  ...         game.move_up()
  ...     case Key.ARROW_RIGHT:
  ...         game.move_right()
  ...     case Key.ARROW_DOWN:
  ...         game.move_down()
  ...     case _:
  ...         raise ValueError(f'Unrecognized key')
  

7.3.9. Assignments

Code 7.2. Solution

"""
* Assignment: Conditional Statement Adult
* Required: yes
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 4 lines
* Time: 3 min

English:
    1. Ask user to input age
    2. Check whether user is adult (age above 18)
    3. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Poproś użytkownika o wprowadzenie wieku
    2. Sprawdź czy użytkownik jest pełnoletni (wiek powyżej 18)
    3. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0

    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'
    >>> assert type(result) is str, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be str'

    >>> result in ('Adult', 'Young')
    True
"""

from unittest.mock import MagicMock


# Simulate user input (for test automation)
input = MagicMock(side_effect=['21'])
age = input('What is your age?: ')

# str: Whether 'Adult' or 'Young'
result = ...

Code 7.3. Solution

"""
* Assignment: Conditional Statement Oneliner
* Required: yes
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 1 lines
* Time: 3 min

English:
    1. User typed his/her age
    2. Check whether user is adult (age above 18)
    3. Use one line `if`
    4. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Użytkownik wprowadził swój wiek
    2. Sprawdź czy użytkownik jest pełnoletni (wiek powyżej 18)
    3. Wykorzystaj jednolinikowego `if`
    3. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0

    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'
    >>> assert type(result) is str, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be str'

    >>> result in 'Young'
    True
"""

ADULT = 18
AGE = 12

# str: Whether 'Adult' or 'Young'
result = ...

Code 7.4. Solution

"""
* Assignment: Conditional Statement IP
* Required: yes
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 1 lines
* Time: 3 min

English:
    1. To `result: bool` assign whether `IP_ADDRESS` is IPv4 or IPv6 protocol
       a. `IPv4` if dot `.` is in the IP address
       b. `IPv6` if dot `.` is not in the IP address
    3. Use one line `if`
    4. Run doctests - all must succeed

Polish:
    1. Do `result: bool` przypisz czy `IP_ADDRESS` jest protokołu IPv4 czy IPv6
       a. `IPv4` jeżeli jest kropka `.` w adresie IP
       b. `IPv6` jeżeli kropki nie ma
    2. Wykorzystaj jednolinikowego `if`
    3. Uruchom doctesty - wszystkie muszą się powieść

Tests:
    >>> import sys; sys.tracebacklimit = 0

    >>> assert result is not Ellipsis, \
    'Assign result to variable: `result`'
    >>> assert type(result) is str, \
    'Variable `result` has invalid type, should be str'

    >>> result
    'IPv4'
"""

IP_ADDRESS = '127.0.0.1'

# str: Whether 'Adult' or 'Young'
result = ...