8.10. Function Type Annotation¶

8.10.1. Rationale¶

Since Python 3.5

Types are not forced

Twoje IDE porówna typy oraz poinformuje cię jeżeli wykryje niezgodność

Użyj mypy lub pyre-check do sprawdzania typów

8.10.2. Return¶

def say_hello() -> str:
    return 'My name... José Jiménez'

8.10.3. Parameters¶

def add_numbers(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    return a + b

add_numbers(1, 2)
# 3

8.10.4. Union¶

from typing import Union


def add_numbers(a: Union[int, float], b: Union[int, float]) -> int:
    return int(a + b)

add_numbers(1, 2)
# 3

add_numbers(1.5, 2.5)
# 4

from typing import Union

Number = Union[int, float]

def add_numbers(a: Number, b: Number) -> int:
    return int(a + b)

add_numbers(1, 2)
# 3

add_numbers(1.5, 2.5)
# 4

8.10.5. Optional¶

def find(text, what) -> Optional[int]:
    start_position = text.find(what)

    if start_position > 0:
        return start_position
    else:
        return None


find('Python', 'o')      # 4
find('Python', 'x')      # None

8.10.6. NoReturn¶

from typing import NoReturn


def stop() -> NoReturn:
    raise RuntimeError

from typing import Union, NoReturn


def valid_email(email: str) -> Union[NoReturn, str]:
    if '@' in email:
        return email
    else:
        raise ValueError('Invalid Email')


valid_email('jose.jimenez@nasa.gov')
# 'jose.jimenez@nasa.gov'

valid_email('jose.jimenez_at_nasa.gov')
# Traceback (most recent call last):
#   ...
# ValueError: Invalid Email

8.10.7. Literal¶

New in version Python: 3.8 See PEP 586

from typing import Literal

def allow_access(who: Literal['Cosmonaut', 'Astronaut']) -> None:
    pass

allow_access('Astronaut')   # OK
allow_access('Pilot')       # Error

from typing import Literal


def open(filename: str, mode: Literal['r','w','a']) -> None:
    pass

8.10.8. Errors¶

Python will execute without even warning

Your IDE and mypy will yield errors

def add_numbers(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    return a + b


add_numbers('Jan', 'Twardowski')
# 'JanTwardowski'

8.10.9. More Information¶

Note

More information in Type Annotations and Type Checking