6.1. Loop While

6.1.1. Syntax

• Continue execution when argument is True

• Stops if argument is False

Listing 6.1. while loop generic syntax

while <condition>:
    <do something>

while True:
    pass

6.1.2. Convention

• The longer the loop scope, the longer the variable name should be

• Avoid one letters if scope is longer than one line

• Generic names:

  • i - for loop counter

  • abort - for abort flags

  • abort_flag - for abort flags

6.1.3. Use Cases

Listing 6.2. Never ending loop. Used in servers to wait forever for incoming connections

while True:
    print('hello')

Listing 6.3. Stop conditions

i = 0

while i < 3:
    print(i)
    i += 1

# 0
# 1
# 2

Listing 6.4. Iterating over sequence. Better idea for this is to use for loop. for loop supports Iterators. len() must write all numbers to memory, to calculate its length

i = 0
data = ['a', 'b', 'c']

while i < len(data):
    print(i, data[i])
    i += 1

# 0 'a'
# 1 'b'
# 2 'c'

Listing 6.5. Exit flag. Exit flag pattern is useful if you have for example multi-threaded application

print('Ignition sequence started')
abort = False
i = 10

while not abort:
    print(i)
    i -= 1

    if i == 6:
        print('Fuel leak detected. Abort, Abort, Abort!')
        abort = True

# Ignition sequence started
# 10
# 9
# 8
# 7
# Fuel leak detected. Abort, Abort, Abort!

6.1.4. Force Exit the Loop

Listing 6.6. Force exit the loop using break keyword

print('Ignition sequence started')
i = 10

while True:
    print(i)
    i -= 1

    if i == 6:
        print('Fuel leak detected. Abort, Abort, Abort!')
        break

# Ignition sequence started
# 10
# 9
# 8
# 7
# Fuel leak detected. Abort, Abort, Abort!

Listing 6.7. Exiting the loop using break keyword

while True:
    number = input('Type number: ')

    if not number:
        # if user hit enter
        # without typing a number
        break

6.1.5. Force Skip Iteration

• if continue is encountered, it will jump to next loop iteration

TEXT = """
    # "Moon Speech" by John F. Kennedy, Rice Stadium, Houston, TX, 1962-09-12
    # Source: http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/ricetalk.htm
    We choose to go to the Moon.
    We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things.
    Not because they are easy, but because they are hard.
    Because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies a skills.
    Because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept.
    One we are unwilling to postpone.
    And one we intend to win
"""

data = TEXT.splitlines()
i = 0

while i < len(data):
    line = data[i].strip()
    i += 1

    if len(line) == 0:
        continue

    if line.startswith('#'):
        continue

    print(line)

# We choose to go to the Moon.
# We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things.
# Not because they are easy, but because they are hard.
# Because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies a skills.
# Because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept.
# One we are unwilling to postpone.
# And one we intend to win

Listing 6.8. Force skip iteration using continue keyword

all_astronauts = ['Mark Watney', 'Jan Twardowski', 'Melissa Lewis', 'José Jiménez']
assigned_to_mission = ['Mark Watney', 'Melissa Lewis']
i = 0

while i < len(all_astronauts):
    name = all_astronauts[i]
    i += 1

    if name not in assigned_to_mission:
        continue

    print(name)

# Mark Watney
# Melissa Lewis

Listing 6.9. Force skip iteration using continue keyword

i = 0

while i < 10:
    print(i, end=', ')
    i += 1

    if i % 3:
        continue

    print(end='\n')

# 0, 1, 2,
# 3, 4, 5,
# 6, 7, 8,
# 9,

6.1.6. Assignments

6.1.6.1. Loop While Cast

• Complexity level: easy

• Lines of code to write: 8 lines

• Estimated time of completion: 3 min

• Solution: solution/loop_while_cast.py

English

1. Use data from "Input" section (see below)

2. Create result: List[int]

3. Use while to iterate over DATA

4. Convert all elements of DATA to int

5. Converted values add to result

6. Compare result with "Output" section (see below)

Polish

1. Użyj danych z sekcji "Input" (patrz poniżej)

2. Stwórz result: List[int]

3. Użyj while do iterowania po DATA

4. Przekonwertuj wszystkie elementy DATA do int

5. Przekonwertowane wartości dodaj do result

6. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Output" (patrz poniżej)

Input

DATA = ['1', '2', '3']

Output

result: List[int]
# [1, 2, 3]

6.1.6.2. Loop While Convert

• Complexity level: easy

• Lines of code to write: 8 lines

• Estimated time of completion: 5 min

• Solution: solution/loop_while_convert.py

English

1. Use data from "Input" section (see below)

2. Create result: List[float]

3. Use while to iterate over DATA

4. Convert all elements of DATA to float

5. Converted values add to result

6. Compare result with "Output" section (see below)

Polish

1. Użyj danych z sekcji "Input" (patrz poniżej)

2. Stwórz result: List[float]

3. Użyj while do iterowania po DATA

4. Przekonwertuj wszystkie elementy DATA do float

5. Przekonwertowane wartości dodaj do result

6. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Output" (patrz poniżej)

Input

DATA = (2, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5)

Output

result: List[float]
# [2.0, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0]

The whys and wherefores

• Type casting

• Sequences

• Using while loop

• Using built-in functions

6.1.6.3. Loop While Translate

• Complexity level: medium

• Lines of code to write: 9 lines

• Estimated time of completion: 8 min

• Solution: solution/loop_while_translate.py

English

1. Use data from "Input" section (see below)

2. Define result: list

3. Use while to iterate over DATA

4. If letter is in PL then use conversion value as letter

5. Add letter to result

6. Compare result with "Output" section (see below)

Polish

1. Użyj danych z sekcji "Input" (patrz poniżej)

2. Użyj while do iteracji po DATA

3. Jeżeli litera jest w PL to użyj przekonwertowanej wartości jako litera

4. Dodaj literę do result

5. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Output" (patrz poniżej)

Input

PL = {'ą': 'a', 'ć': 'c', 'ę': 'e',
      'ł': 'l', 'ń': 'n', 'ó': 'o',
      'ś': 's', 'ż': 'z', 'ź': 'z'}

DATA = 'zażółć gęślą jaźń'

Output

result: str
# 'zazolc gesla jazn'

6.1.6.4. Loop While Input

• Complexity level: medium

• Lines of code to write: 15 lines

• Estimated time of completion: 13 min

• Solution: solution/loop_while_input.py

English

1. Use data from "Input" section (see below)

2. Using input() ask user about grade, one at a time

3. User will type only valid int or float

4. To iterate use only while loop

5. If grade is in GRADE_SCALE - add it to report card

6. If grade is not in GRADE_SCALE - prin1t "Grade is not allowed" and continue input

7. If user pressed Enter key, end inserting data

8. At the end, print calculated mean

9. Test case when report list is empty

Polish

1. Użyj danych z sekcji "Input" (patrz poniżej)

2. Do iterowania użyj tylko pętli while

3. Używając input() poproś użytkownika o ocenę, jedną na raz

4. Użytkownik poda tylko poprawne int lub float

5. Jeżeli ocena jest w GRADE_SCALE - dodaj ją do dzienniczka

6. Jeżeli oceny nie ma w GRADE_SCALE - wyświetl "Grade is not allowed" i kontynuuj wpisywanie

7. Jeżeli użytkownik wcisnął Enter, zakończ wprowadzanie danych

8. Na zakończenie wyświetl wyliczoną dla dzienniczka średnią arytmetyczną

9. Przetestuj przypadek, gdy dzienniczek jest pusty

Input

GRADE_SCALE = (2.0, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0)

The whys and wherefores

• Reading user input

• Input validation

• Type casting

• Sequences

• Using while loop

• Breaking loop

• Using built-in functions

Hints

• mean = sum(...) / len(...)