9.5. Stringify Objects

9.5.1. String

• for end-user

• print converts it's arguments to str() before printing

Listing 9.33. Object without __str__() method overloaded prints their memory address

class Astronaut:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name


astro = Astronaut('José Jiménez')

print(astro)        # <__main__.Astronaut object at 0x114175dd0>
str(astro)          # '<__main__.Astronaut object at 0x114175dd0>'
astro.__str__()     # '<__main__.Astronaut object at 0x114175dd0>'

Listing 9.34. Objects can verbose print if __str__() method is present

class Astronaut:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def __str__(self):
        return f'My name... {self.name}'


astro = Astronaut('José Jiménez')

print(astro)        # My name... José Jiménez
str(astro)          # 'My name... José Jiménez'
astro.__str__()     # 'My name... José Jiménez'

9.5.2. Representation

• for developers

• object representation

• copy-paste for creating object with the same values

• useful for debugging

• printing list will call __repr__ on each element

Listing 9.35. Using __repr__() on a class

class Astronaut:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'Astronaut(name="{self.name}")'


 astro = Astronaut('José Jiménez')

 repr(astro)        # 'Astronaut(name="José Jiménez")'
 astro              # Astronaut(name="José Jiménez")

Listing 9.36. printing list will call __repr__ on each element

class Astronaut:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

crew = [
    Astronaut('Jan Twardowski'),
    Astronaut('Mark Watney'),
    Astronaut('Melissa Lewis'),
]

print(crew)
# [
#   <__main__.Astronaut object at 0x107871160>,
#   <__main__.Astronaut object at 0x107c422e8>,
#   <__main__.Astronaut object at 0x108156be0>
# ]

Listing 9.37. printing list will call __repr__ on each element

class Astronaut:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'{self.name}'

crew = [
    Astronaut('Jan Twardowski'),
    Astronaut('Mark Watney'),
    Astronaut('Melissa Lewis'),
]

print(crew)
# [Jan Twardowski, Mark Watney, Melissa Lewis]

9.5.3. String vs Representation

Listing 9.38. __str__ and __repr__

import datetime

str(datetime.datetime.now())
# 1961-04-12 6:07:00.000000

repr(datetime.datetime.now())
# datetime.datetime(1961, 4, 12, 6, 7, 0, 000000)

9.5.4. Format

• Used for advanced formatting

class Astronaut:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def __format__(self, mood):
        if mood == 'happy':
            return f"Yuppi, we're going to space!"
        elif mood == 'scared':
            return f"I hope we don't crash"


 jose = Astronaut('José Jiménez')

 print(f'{jose:happy}')
 # Yuppi, we're going to space!

 print(f'{jose:scared}')
 # I hope we don't crash

SECOND = 1
MINUTE = 60 * SECOND
HOUR = 60 * MINUTE
DAY = 24 * HOUR


class Duration:
    def __init__(self, seconds):
        self.seconds = seconds

    def __format__(self, unit):
        if unit == 'minutes':
            return str(self.seconds / MINUTE)

        if unit == 'hours':
            return str(self.seconds / HOUR)

        if unit == 'days':
            return str(round(self.seconds / DAY, 2))


duration = Duration(seconds=3600)

print(f'Duration was {duration:minutes} min')       # Duration was 60.0 min
print(f'Duration was {duration:hours} hour')        # Duration was 1.0 hour
print(f'Duration was {duration:days} day')          # Duration was 0.04 day

class Temperature:
    def __init__(self, kelvin):
        self.kelvin = kelvin

    def __format__(self, unit):

        if unit == 'kelvin':
            value = self.kelvin

        elif unit == 'celsius':
            value = self.kelvin - 273.15

        elif unit == 'fahrenheit':
            value = (self.kelvin-273.15) * 9/5 + 32

        value = round(value, 2)
        return str(value)


temp = Temperature(309.75)

print(f'Temperature is {temp:kelvin} K')       # Temperature is 309.75 K
print(f'Temperature is {temp:celsius} C')      # Temperature is 36.6 C
print(f'Temperature is {temp:fahrenheit} F')   # Temperature is 97.88 F

class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y, z=0):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.z = z

    def __format__(self, name):

        if name == 'in_2D':
            return f"({self.x}, {self.y})"

        if name == 'in_3D':
            return f"({self.x}, {self.y}, {self.z})"

        if name == 'as_dict':
            return str(self.__dict__)

        if name == 'as_tuple':
            return str(tuple(self.__dict__.values()))

        if name == 'as_json':
            import json
            return json.dumps(self.__dict__)


point = Point(x=1, y=2)

print(f'{point:in_2D}')           # '(1, 2)'
print(f'{point:in_3D}')           # '(1, 2, 0)'
print(f'{point:as_tuple}')        # '(1, 2, 0)'
print(f'{point:as_dict}')         # "{'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 0}"
print(f'{point:as_json}')         # '{"x": 1, "y": 2, "z": 0}'

9.5.5. Assignments

9.5.5.1. OOP Stringify Str

• Complexity level: easy

• Lines of code to write: 18 lines

• Estimated time of completion: 10 min

• Solution: solution/oop_stringify_str.py

English

1. Create class Iris with features: List[float] and label: str attributes

2. For each row in DATA create Iris instance with row values

3. Set class attributes at the initialization from positional arguments

4. Create method which sums values of all features

5. While printing object show: species name and a sum method result

6. Compare result with "Output" section (see below)

Polish

1. Stwórz klasę Iris z atrybutami features: List[float] i label: str

2. Dla każdego wiersza w DATA twórz instancję Iris z danymi z wiersza

3. Ustaw atrybuty klasy przy iniclalizacji z argumentów pozycyjnych

4. Stwórz metodę sumującą wartości wszystkich features

5. Przy wypisywaniu obiektu pokaż: nazwę gatunku i wynik metody sumującej

6. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Output" (patrz poniżej)

Input

DATA = [
    (4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2, 'setosa'),
    (7.0, 3.2, 4.7, 1.4, 'versicolor'),
    (7.6, 3.0, 6.6, 2.1, 'virginica'),
]

Output

setosa 9.4
versicolor 16.299999999999997
virginica 19.3

9.5.5.2. OOP Stringify Repr

• Complexity level: easy

• Lines of code to write: 9 lines

• Estimated time of completion: 10 min

• Solution: solution/oop_stringify_repr.py

English

#. Use code from "Input" section (see below) #. Create class Iris with features: List[float] and label: str attributes #. For each row in DATA create Iris instance with row values #. Set class attributes at the initialization from positional arguments #. Print representation of each instance with values (use repr()) #. Compare result with "Output" section (see below)

Polish

1. Użyj kodu z sekcji "Input" (patrz poniżej)

2. Stwórz klasę Iris z atrybutami features: List[float] i label: str

3. Dla każdego wiersza w DATA twórz instancję Iris z danymi z wiersza

4. Ustaw atrybuty klasy przy iniclalizacji z argumentów pozycyjnych

5. Wypisz reprezentację każdej z instancji z wartościami (użyj repr())

6. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Output" (patrz poniżej)

Input

DATA = [
    (4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2, 'setosa'),
    (7.0, 3.2, 4.7, 1.4, 'versicolor'),
    (7.6, 3.0, 6.6, 2.1, 'virginica'),
]

Output

Iris(features=[4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2], label='setosa')
Iris(features=[7.0, 3.2, 4.7, 1.4], label='versicolor')
Iris(features=[7.6, 3.0, 6.6, 2.1], label='virginica')

9.5.5.3. OOP Stringify Complex

• Complexity level: medium

• Lines of code to write: 9 lines

• Estimated time of completion: 20 min

• Solution: solution/oop_stringify_complex.py

English

#. Use code from "Input" section (see below) #. Overload str and repr to achieve desired printing output #. Compare result with "Output" section (see below)

Polish

1. Użyj kodu z sekcji "Input" (patrz poniżej)

2. Przeciąż str i repr aby osiągnąć oczekiwany rezultat wypisywania

3. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Output" (patrz poniżej)

Input

Listing 9.39. Address Book

class Crew:
    def __init__(self, members=()):
        self.members = list(members)

class Astronaut:
    def __init__(self, name, experience=()):
        self.name = name
        self.experience = list(experience)

class Mission:
    def __init__(self, year, name):
        self.year = year
        self.name = name

Output

melissa = Astronaut('Melissa Lewis')

print(f'Commander: \n{melissa}\n')
# Commander:
# Melissa Lewis

mark = Astronaut('Mark Watney', experience=[
    Mission(2035, 'Ares 3'),
])

print(f'Space Pirate: \n{mark}\n')
# Space Pirate:
# Mark Watney veteran of [
#       2035: Ares 3]

crew = Crew([
    Astronaut('Jan Twardowski', experience=[
        Mission(1969, 'Apollo 11'),
        Mission(2024, 'Artemis 3'),
    ]),
    Astronaut('José Jiménez'),
    Astronaut('Mark Watney', experience=[
        Mission(2035, 'Ares 3'),
    ]),
])

print(f'Crew: \n{crew}')
# Crew:
# Jan Twardowski veteran of [
#       1969: Apollo 11,
#       2024: Artemis 3]
# José Jiménez
# Mark Watney veteran of [
#       2035: Ares 3]

The whys and wherefores

• Stringify Objects

Hint

• Define Crew.__str__()

• Define Astronaut.__str__() and Astronaut.__repr__()

• Define Mission.__repr__()