# 2.1. Operators¶

## 2.1.1. Comparison Operators¶

• x < y - Less than

• x <= y - Less or equal

• x > y - Greater than

• x >= y - Greater or equal

• x == y - Equals

• x != y - Not Equals

>>> 10 < 2
False
>>>
>>> 10 <= 2
False
>>>
>>> 10 > 2
True
>>>
>>> 10 >= 2
True
>>>
>>> 10 == 2
False
>>>
>>> 10 != 2
True

>>> x = 10
>>> y = 2
>>>
>>> x >= 2
True

>>> 0 == -0
True


## 2.1.2. Arithmetic Operators¶

• + - Addition

• - - Subtraction

• * - Multiplication

• / - Division

>>> 10 + 2
12
>>>
>>> 10 - 2
8
>>>
>>> 10 * 2
20
>>>
>>> 10 / 2
5.0

>>> x = 10
>>> y = 2
>>>
>>> x + y
12


## 2.1.3. Power and Root¶

• a ** b - b power of the number a

• a ** (1/b) - b-th root of the number a

>>> 10 ** 2
100
>>>
>>> 2 ** -1
0.5
>>>
>>> 1.337 ** 3
2.389979753

>>> 4 ** (1/2)
2.0
>>>
>>> 2 ** (1/2)
1.4142135623730951
>>>
>>> 27 ** (1/3)
3.0

>>> 4 ** 0.5
2.0
>>>
>>> 2 ** 0.5
1.4142135623730951
>>>
>>> 27 ** 0.333
2.9967059728946346


## 2.1.4. Divisions¶

There are three (and even four if counting divmod) ways of dividing numbers in Python:

• / - True Division (changes type to float)

• // - Floor division (preserving data type)

• % - Modulo division (reminder)

The most common is true division, which changes type to float to preserve mathematical correctness:

>>> 12 / 6
2.0
>>>
>>> 12 / 5
2.4


Note, that the floor division preserves types, so it is more correct in computer science way. However it will produce invalid values from math perspective:

>>> 12 // 6
2
>>>
>>> 12 // 5
2


There is also a modulo division, which is more frequently used than you might think. Modulo division is the reminder from true division:

>>> 12 % 6
0
>>>
>>> 12 % 5
2


Modulo division is most frequently used to test if value is even or odd. In such case, you need to modulo divide number by 2 and check the reminder. If the reminder is 0, than the original number was even, if the reminder is false, the original number was odd:

>>> 12 % 2 == 0
True
>>>
>>> 11 % 2 == 0
False


## 2.1.5. Increment Operators¶

In Python for each operator there is also an increment version of it:

• += - Incremental addition

• += - Incremental subtraction

• *= - Incremental multiplication

• **= - Incremental power

• /= - Incremental true division

• //= - Incremental floor division

• %= - Incremental modulo division

However, most of a time only += and += are used. Others are very rare.

>>> x = 10
>>> x = x + 1
>>>
>>> print(x)
11

>>> x = 10
>>> x += 1
>>>
>>> print(x)
11

>>> x = 10
>>> x -= 1
>>>
>>> print(x)
9

>>> x = 1
>>> x++
Traceback (most recent call last):
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> x = 1
>>> ++x
1