2.1. Type Int¶
2.1.1. Definition¶
Python 3 dynamically extends int when it's too big, hence there is no
maximal or minimal int value:
>>> data = 1337
>>> data = +1337
>>> data = -1337
You can use _ for easier read especially with big numbers:
>>> million = 1000000
>>>
>>> print(million)
1000000
>>> million = 1_000_000
>>>
>>> print(million)
1000000
2.1.2. Type Casting¶
Builtin function int() converts argument to int:
>>> int(1)
1
>>> int(+1)
1
>>> int(-1)
-1
>>> int(1.337)
1
>>> int(+1.1337)
1
>>> int(-1.337)
-1
>>> int('1')
1
>>> int('+1')
1
>>> int('-1')
-1
Builtin function int() does not round numbers:
>>> int(1.001)
1
>>> int(1.999)
1
>>> int('1_000_000')
1000000
Builtin function int() fails when in argument there are parameters
other than a digit, + or - sign and _
>>> int('1.337')
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '13.37'
>>> int('+1.337')
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '+13.37'
>>> int('-1.337')
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '-13.37'
>>> int('1,337')
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '13,37'
>>> int('+1,337')
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '+13,37'
>>> int('-1,337')
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '-13,37'
2.1.3. Binary¶
Base 2
Allowed: 0, 1
Prefix:
0b...
>>> int('100', base=2)
4
>>> int('0b1000101', base=2)
69
2.1.4. Octal¶
Base 8
Allowed: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Prefix:
0o...
>>> int('100', base=8)
64
>>> int('0o105', base=8)
69
>>> int('0o754', base=8)
492
2.1.5. Decimal¶
Base 10
Allowed: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
>>> int('100', base=10)
100
>>> int('69', base=10)
69
2.1.6. Hexadecimal¶
Base 16
Allowed: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, a, b, c, d, e, f, A, B, C, D, E, F
Prefix:
0x...
>>> int('100', base=16)
256
>>> int('0x45', base=16)
69
>>> int('0x69', base=16)
105
>>> int('0x3C', base=16)
60
2.1.7. Type Checking¶
type()- Returns type of an argument
>>> type(1)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(+1)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(-1)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(0)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(+0)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(-0)
<class 'int'>
2.1.8. Assignments¶
"""
* Assignment: Type Int Add
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 4 lines
* Time: 3 min
English:
1. One Kelvin is equal to 1 Celsius degree (1K = 1°C)
2. Zero Celsius degrees is equal to 273.15 Kelvins
3. For calculation use round number 273 (0°C = -273K)
4. How many Kelvins has average temperatures at surface [1]:
a. Mars highest: 20 °C
b. Mars lowest: -153 °C
c. Mars average: −63 °C
5. Compare result with "Tests" section (see below)
Polish:
1. Jeden Kelwin to jeden stopień Celsiusza (1K = 1°C)
2. Zero stopni Celsiusza to 273.15 Kelwiny
3. W zadaniu przyjmij równe 273°C (0°C = -273K)
4. Ile Kelwinów wynoszą średnie temperatury powierzchni [1]:
a. Mars najwyższa: 20 °C
b. Mars najniższa: -153 °C
c. Mars średnia: −63 °C
5. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Tests" (patrz poniżej)
References:
[1] Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA).
Rover Environmental Monitoring Station, Mars Science Laboratory (NASA).
Year: 2019.
Retrieved: 2019-08-06.
URL: http://cab.inta-csic.es/rems/marsweather.html
Tests:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert mars_max is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `mars_max` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert mars_min is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `mars_min` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert mars_min is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `mars_min` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert type(mars_max) is int, 'Variable `mars_max` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(mars_min) is int, 'Variable `mars_min` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(mars_min) is int, 'Variable `mars_avg` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> mars_max
293
>>> mars_min
120
>>> mars_avg
210
"""
# Given
Celsius = 1
Kelvin = 273
mars_max = ... # int: 20 Celsius in Kelvin
mars_min = ... # int: -153 Celsius in Kelvin
mars_avg = ... # int: -63 Celsius in Kelvin
"""
* Assignment: Type Int Sub
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 3 lines
* Time: 3 min
English:
1. One Kelvin is equal to 1 Celsius degree (1K = 1°C)
2. Zero Kelvin (absolute) is equal to -273.15 Celsius degrees
3. For calculation use round number -273 (0K = -273°C)
4. How many Celsius degrees has average temperatures at surface [1]:
a. Lunar day: 453 K
b. Lunar night: 93 K
5. Compare result with "Tests" section (see below)
Polish:
1. Jeden Kelwin to jeden stopień Celsiusza (1K = 1°C)
2. Zero Kelwina (bezwzględne) to -273.15 stopni Celsiusza
3. W zadaniu przyjmij równe -273°C (0K = -273°C)
4. Ile stopni Celsiusza wynoszą średnie temperatury powierzchni [1]:
a. Księżyca w dzień: 453 K
b. Księżyca w nocy: 93 K
5. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Tests" (patrz poniżej)
References:
[1] Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA).
Rover Environmental Monitoring Station, Mars Science Laboratory (NASA).
Year: 2019.
Retrieved: 2019-08-06.
URL: http://cab.inta-csic.es/rems/marsweather.html
Tests:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert moon_day is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `moon_day` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert moon_night is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `moon_night` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert type(moon_day) is int, 'Variable `moon_day` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(moon_night) is int, 'Variable `moon_night` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> moon_day
180
>>> moon_night
-180
"""
# Given
Celsius = 1
Kelvin = 273
moon_day = ... # int: 453 Kelvins in Celsius
moon_night = ... # int: 93 Kelvins in Celsius
"""
* Assignment: Type Int Mul
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 3 lines
* Time: 3 min
English:
1. Calculate altitude in meters:
a. Armstrong Limit: 19 km
b. Stratosphere: 20 km
c. USAF Space Line: 80 km
d. IAF Space Line: 100 km
2. Compare result with "Tests" section (see below)
Polish:
1. Oblicz wysokości w metrach:
a. Linia Armstronga: 19 km
b. Stratosfera: 20 km
c. Granica kosmosu wg. USAF: 80 km
d. Granica kosmosu wg. IAF 100 km
2. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Tests" (patrz poniżej)
References:
* USAF - United States Air Force
* IAF - International Astronautical Federation
* Kármán line (100 km) - boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space
* Armstrong limit (19 km) - altitude above which atmospheric pressure is
sufficiently low that water boils at the normal temperature of the human body
Hints:
* 1 km = 1000 m
Tests:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert armstrong_limit is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `armstrong_limit` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert stratosphere is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `stratosphere` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert usaf_space is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `usaf_space` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert iaf_space is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `iaf_space` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert type(armstrong_limit) is int, 'Variable `armstrong_limit` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(stratosphere) is int, 'Variable `stratosphere` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(usaf_space) is int, 'Variable `usaf_space` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(iaf_space) is int, 'Variable `iaf_space` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> armstrong_limit
19000
>>> stratosphere
20000
>>> usaf_space
80000
>>> iaf_space
100000
"""
# Given
m = 1
km = 1000 * m
armstrong_limit = ... # int: 19 kilometers in meters
stratosphere = ... # int: 20 kilometers in meters
usaf_space = ... # int: 80 kilometers in meters
iaf_space = ... # int: 100 kilometers in meters
"""
* Assignment: Type Int Bits
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 3 lines
* Time: 3 min
English:
1. Calculate altitude in kilometers:
a. Kármán Line Earth: 100_000 m
b. Kármán Line Mars: 80_000 m
c. Kármán Line Venus: 250_000 m
2. In Calculations use floordiv (`//`)
3. Compare result with "Tests" section (see below)
Polish:
1. Oblicz wysokości w kilometrach:
a. Linia Kármána Ziemia: 100_000 m
b. Linia Kármána Mars: 80_000 m
c. Linia Kármána Wenus: 250_000 m
2. W obliczeniach użyj floordiv (`//`)
3. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Tests" (patrz poniżej)
References:
* Kármán line (100 km) - boundary between planets's atmosphere and outer space
Hints:
* 1 km = 1000 m
Tests:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert karman_line_earth is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `karman_line_earth` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert karman_line_mars is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `karman_line_mars` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert karman_line_venus is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `karman_line_venus` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert type(karman_line_earth) is int, 'Variable `karman_line_earth` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(karman_line_mars) is int, 'Variable `karman_line_mars` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(karman_line_venus) is int, 'Variable `karman_line_venus` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> karman_line_earth
100
>>> karman_line_mars
80
>>> karman_line_venus
250
"""
# Given
m = 1
km = 1000 * m
karman_line_earth = ... # int: 100_000 meters in km
karman_line_mars = ... # int: 80_000 meters in km
karman_line_venus = ... # int: 250_000 meters in km
"""
* Assignment: Type Int Time
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 12 lines
* Time: 8 min
English:
1. Calculate how many seconds is one day (24 hours)
2. Calculate how many minutes is one week (7 days)
3. Calculate how many hours is in one month (31 days)
4. Calculate how many seconds is work day (8 hours)
5. Calculate how many minutes is work week (5 work days)
6. Calculate how many hours is work month (22 work days)
7. In Calculations use floordiv (`//`)
8. Compare result with "Tests" section (see below)
Polish:
1. Oblicz ile sekund to jedna doba (24 godziny)
2. Oblicz ile minut to jeden tydzień (7 dni)
3. Oblicz ile godzin to jeden miesiąc (31 dni)
4. Oblicz ile sekund to dzień pracy (8 godzin)
5. Oblicz ile minut to tydzień pracy (5 dni pracy)
6. Oblicz ile godzin to miesiąc pracy (22 dni pracy)
7. W obliczeniach użyj floordiv (`//`)
8. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Tests" (patrz poniżej)
Tests:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert day is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `day` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert week is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `week` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert month is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `month` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert workday is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `workday` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert workweek is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `workweek` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert workmonth is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `workmonth` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert type(day) is int, 'Variable `day` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(week) is int, 'Variable `week` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(month) is int, 'Variable `month` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(workday) is int, 'Variable `workday` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(workweek) is int, 'Variable `workweek` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(workmonth) is int, 'Variable `workmonth` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> day
86400
>>> week
10080
>>> month
744
>>> workday
28800
>>> workweek
2400
>>> workmonth
176
"""
# Given
SECOND = 1
MINUTE = 60 * SECOND
HOUR = 60 * MINUTE
DAY = 24 * HOUR
day = ... # int: 1 day in seconds
week = ... # int: 7 days in minutes
month = ... # int: 31 days in hours
workday = ... # int: 8 hours in seconds
workweek = ... # int: 5 workdays in minutes
workmonth = ... # int: 22 workdays in hours
"""
* Assignment: Type Int Bits
* Complexity: medium
* Lines of code: 4 lines
* Time: 3 min
English:
1. File size is 1337 megabits [Mb]
2. Calculate size in bits [b]
3. Calculate size in kilobits [kb]
4. In Calculations use floordiv (`//`)
5. Compare result with "Tests" section (see below)
Polish:
1. Wielkość pliku to 1337 megabits [Mb]
2. Oblicz wielkość w bitach [b]
3. Oblicz wielkość w kilobitach [kb]
4. W obliczeniach użyj floordiv (`//`)
5. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Tests" (patrz poniżej)
Hints:
* 1 kb = 1024 b
* 1 Mb = 1024 Kb
Tests:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert size_b is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `size_b` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert size_kb is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `size_kb` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert size_Mb is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `size_Mb` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert type(size_b) is int, 'Variable `size_b` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(size_kb) is int, 'Variable `size_kb` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(size_Mb) is int, 'Variable `size_Mb` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> size_b
1401946112
>>> size_kb
1369088
>>> size_Mb
1337
"""
# Given
b = 1
kb = 1024 * b
Mb = 1024 * kb
size = ... # int: 1337 megabits
size_b = ... # int: size in bytes
size_kb = ... # int: size in kilobytes
size_Mb = ... # int: size in megabytes
"""
* Assignment: Type Int Bytes
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 7 lines
* Time: 3 min
English:
1. File size is 100 megabytes
2. Calculate size in kilobytes
2. Calculate size in megabits
3. Compare result with "Tests" section (see below)
Polish:
1. Wielkość pliku to 100 megabajtów
2. Oblicz wielkość w kilobajtach
2. Oblicz wielkość w megabitach
3. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Tests" (patrz poniżej)
Hints:
* 1 Kb = 1024 b
* 1 Mb = 1024 Kb
* 1 B = 8 b
* 1 KB = 1024 B
* 1 MB = 1024 KB
Tests:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert size is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `size` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert size_kB is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `size_kB` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert size_Mb is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `size_Mb` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert type(size) is int, 'Variable `size` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(size_kB) is int, 'Variable `size_kB` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(size_Mb) is int, 'Variable `size_Mb` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> size_kB
102400
>>> size_Mb
800
"""
# Given
b = 1
kb = 1024 * b
Mb = 1024 * kb
B = 8 * b
kB = 1024 * B
MB = 1024 * kB
size = ... # int: 100 Megabytes
size_kB = ... # int: size in kilobytes
size_Mb = ... # int: size in megabits
"""
* Assignment: Type Int Bandwidth
* Complexity: easy
* Lines of code: 10 lines
* Time: 3 min
English:
1. Having internet connection with speed 100 Mb/s
2. How long will take to download 100 MB?
3. To calculate time divide file size by speed
3. Note, that all values must be `int` (type cast if needed)
3. In Calculations use floordiv (`//`)
4. Compare result with "Tests" section (see below)
Polish:
1. Mając łącze internetowe 100 Mb/s
2. Ile zajmie ściągnięcie pliku 100 MB?
3. Aby wyliczyć czas podziel wielkość pliku przez prękość
3. Zwróć uwagę, że wszystkie wartości mają być `int` (rzutuj typ jeżeli potrzeba)
3. W obliczeniach użyj floordiv (`//`)
4. Porównaj wyniki z sekcją "Tests" (patrz poniżej)
Hints:
* 1 Kb = 1024 b
* 1 Mb = 1024 Kb
* 1 B = 8 b
* 1 KB = 1024 B
* 1 MB = 1024 KB
Tests:
>>> import sys
>>> sys.tracebacklimit = 0
>>> assert bandwidth is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `bandwidth` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert size is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `size` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert duration is not Ellipsis, 'Assignment solution must be in `duration` instead of ... (Ellipsis)'
>>> assert type(bandwidth) is int, 'Variable `bandwidth` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(size) is int, 'Variable `size` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> assert type(duration) is int, 'Variable `duration` has invalid type, should be int'
>>> duration
8
"""
# Given
SECOND = 1
b = 1
kb = 1024 * b
Mb = 1024 * kb
B = 8 * b
kB = 1024 * B
MB = 1024 * kB
bandwidth = ... # int: 100 megabits per second
size = ... # int: 100 megabytes
duration = ... # int: size by bandwidth in seconds